The data are stored in the ISGS GIS database by quadrangle. The path is *path_name_suppressed*/doq_utm16_83_<quadrant>.sid, where <letter> is the first letter of the quadrangle name, <quad_dir> is the quadrangle directory, and <quadrant> is either nw, ne, se, or sw. For example, the DOQ for the southwest quarter of the Urbana quadrangle is stored at *path_name_suppressed*/doq_utm16_83_sw.sid.
The rectification process requires, as input, a user parameter file to control the rectification process, a digital elevation model (DEM1) gridded to user specified bounds, projection, zone, datum and X-Y units, a scanned digital image file (PHOTO1) covering the same area as the DEM, ground X-Y-Z point values (CONTROL_INPUT) and their conjugate photo coordinates in the camera coordinate system, and measurements of the fiducial marks (CAMERA_INPUT) in the digitized image.
The camera calibration report (CAMERA_INPUT) provides the focal length of the camera and the distances in millimeters from the camera's optical center to the camera's 8 fiducial marks. These marks define the frame of reference for spatial measurements made from the photograph. Ground control points (CONTROL_INPUT) acquired from ground surveys or developed in aerotriangulation, are third order class 1 or better, and meet National Map Accuracy Standard (NMAS) for 1:12,000-scale. Ground control points are in the Universal Transverse Mercator or the State Plane Coordinate System on NAD83. Horizontal and vertical residuals of aerotriangulated tie-points are equal to or less than 2.5 meters. Standard aerotriangulation passpoint configuration consists of 9 ground control points, one near each corner, one at the center near each side and 1 near the center of the photograph, are used. The conjugate positions of the ground control points on the photograph are measured and recorded in camera coordinates.
The raster image file (PHOTO_1) is created by scanning an aerial photograph film diapositive with a precision image scanner. An aperture of approximately 25 to 32 microns is used, with an aperture no greater than 32 microns permitted. Using 1:40,000-scale photographs, a 25-micron scan aperture equates to a ground resolution of 1-meter. The scanner converts the photographic image densities to gray scale values ranging from 0 to 255 for black and white photographs. Scan files with ground resolution less than 1 meter or greater than 1 meter but less than 1.28 meters are resampled to 1 meter.
The principal elevation data source (DEM1) are standard DEM datasets from the National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB). DEM's that meet USGS standards are also produced by contractors to fulfill DOQ production requirements and are subsequently archived in the NDCDB. All DEM data is equivalent to or better than USGS DEM standard level 1. The DEM used in the production of DOQ's generally has a 30-meter grid post spacing and possesses a vertical RMSE of 7-meters or less. A DEM covering the extent of the photograph is used for the rectification. The DEM is traversed from user- selected minimum to maximum X-Y values and centered on the DOQ coverage area. The DEM X-Y-Z values are used to find pixel coordinates in the digitized photograph using transformations mentioned above. For each raster image cell subdivision, a brightness or gray-scale value is obtained using nearest neighbor, bilinear, or cubic convolution resampling of the scanned image. The pixel processing algorithm is indicated in the header file. An inverse transformation relates the image coordinates referenced to the fiducial coordinate space back to scanner coordinate space. For those areas for which a 7.5-minute DEM is unavailable and relief differences are less than 150 feet, a planar-DEM (slope-plane substitute grid) may be used.
Rectification Process: The photo control points and focal length are iteratively fitted to their conjugate ground control points using a single photo space resection equation. From this mathematical fit is obtained a rotation matrix of constants about the three axes of the camera. This rotation matrix can then be used to find the photograph or camera coordinates of any other ground X-Y-Z point. Next a two dimensional fit is made between the measured fiducial marks on the digitized photograph and their conjugate camera coordinates. Transformation constants are developed from the fit and the camera or photo coordinates are used in reverse to find their conjugate pixel coordinates on the digitized photograph.
Quality Control: All data is inspected according to a quality control plan. DOQ contractors must meet DOQ standards for attribute accuracy, logical consistency, data completeness and horizontal positional accuracy. During the initial production phase, all rectification inputs and DOQ data sets are inspected for conformance to standards. After a production source demonstrates high quality, inspections will be made to 10% of delivery lots (40 DOQs per lot). All DOQ's are visually inspected for gross positional errors and tested for physical format standards.
Post-processing by Illinois State Geological Survey:
Upon receipt from the USGS, the DOQ imagery was initially checked for spatial integrity, image quality, and accurate associated header metadata. Each DOQ was imported into remote-sensing software, PCI, from PCI Geomatics, for brightening and increased contrast through the Normalization Enhancement function. The modified imagery was exported as a TIFF file with an accompanying TFW world file. This TIFF file was compressed using MrSID, image compression software from LizardTech, Inc. A target compression ratio of 15:1, intensity weight of 4 and a gamma of 2 were used in the compression. The resultant imagery has a ".sid" extension and the associated georeferenced world file has a ".swd" extension. MrSID minimizes image file size while retaining usability. Although compression results in a very slight distortion from the original image, degradation is not noticeable at a compression ratio of 15:1. For more information on MrSID and the wavelet compression used, visit www.lizardtech.com.
Elements pertinent to individual DOQs were extracted from the DOQ header data and the MrSID output. These elements were placed in a dBASE file, doqindex.dbf. Additional metadata describing the elements in the doqindex.dbf file can be found in READMEDOQ.txt.
Softcopy in ASCII format is available at: <URL:ftp:*path_name_suppressed*/stdoqpt1.txt> <URL:ftp:*path_name_suppressed*/stdoqpt2.txt>
Softcopy in WordPerfect format is available at: <URL:ftp:*path_name_suppressed*/stdoqpt1.wp5> <URL:ftp:*path_name_suppressed*/stdoqpt2.wp5>
Softcopy in PostScript format is available at: <URL:ftp:*path_name_suppressed*/stdoqpt1.ps> <URL:ftp:*path_name_suppressed*/stdoqpt2.ps>
Softcopy in hypertext is available at: <URL:ftp:*path_name_suppressed*/standards_doq.html>
In no event shall the DNR have any liability whatsoever for payment of any consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data or arising out of the delivery, installation, operation, or support by DNR.
Illinois Natural Resources Geospatial Data Clearinghouse
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